Calvo’s thesis is primarily inductive, in that he examines plant movement in vines and root growth, tropisms, electrical conduction, and “defensive” actions such as the closing of leaves and tries to imagine the cognitive “machinery” required to carry out such “behaviors.” His evidence is impressive and sometimes startling. Plants are known to orient toward the sun (you can see this in your own garden), and some plants, such as sunflowers, will orient toward the sun and follow it as it moves across the sky. At night, they re-orient themselves to anticipate the next day’s rising sun. Dig them up and turn them 180 degrees, and within a few days, they will re-orient their movements to match the path of the sun. By doing so, they maximize both photosynthesis and the likelihood of visitation by pollinating insects. Plants will also alter their growth patterns, in terms of their roots and their stems, trunks or leaves, depending on the plants surrounding them, all to the end of maximizing access to resources such as sunlight and nutrients. They can even affect and be affected by the growing conditions of their neighbors, so that they adopt some of each other’s growing patterns. Their roots can alter their direction of growth by turning horizontal or even upward to avoid a barrier, or to seek moisture.

Planta Sapiens by Paco Calvo | Hachette UK

An astonishing window into the inner world of plants, and the cutting-edge science in plant intelligence. Decades of research document plants’ impressive abilities: they communicate with each other, manipulate other species, and move in sophisticated ways. Lesser known, however, is that although plants may not have brains, their internal workings reveal a system not unlike the neuronal networks running through our own bodies. They can learn and remember, possessing an intelligence that allows them to behave in flexible, forward-looking, and goal-directed ways. Scientific American is part of Springer Nature, which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications (many of them can be found at www.springernature.com/us). Scientific American maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers. Standing before the ruins of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, Paco Calvo was reminded of its legendary inscription – the Oracle’s request to Know Thyself – and in that moment had an epiphany; “I realised clearly that to ‘know thyself’, one had to think well beyond oneself, or even one’s species.” Having dedicated these past few years to researching the many ways in which animal senses and sentience shed light on what it means to be human, I agree. However, whereas my zoological training directs me towards the animal kingdom to better understand myself and others, Calvo – a professor of philosophy – looks to far more distant relations, a kingdom apart. This is the third book I have read by the cluster of academics working on plant intelligence systems: it would be fair to say I hated them both, so saying this is much better is not a huge endorsement, but, well I did. It also clarified for me why - despite my strong desire for evidence that plants have intelligence systems - I think this approach is not going to be what convinces me.

Decades of research document plants’ impressive abilities: they communicate with one another, manipulate other species, and move in sophisticated ways. Lesser known, however, is the new evidence that plants may actually be sentient. Although plants may not have brains, their microscopic commerce exposes a system not unlike the neuronal networks running through our own bodies. They can learn and remember, possessing an intelligence that allows them to behave in adaptive, flexible, anticipatory, and goal-directed ways.

Planta Sapiens: Unmasking Plant Intelligence Kindle Edition

Calvo and Lawrence are much more concerned here with describing what science currently knows about plant intelligence, plant resourcefulness, and plant personality. So: who will write Plant Liberation? We are unimaginable without plants, yet surprisingly blind to their powers and behaviors. Planta Sapiens weaves science and history into an absorbing exploration of the many ways that plants rise to the challenge of living. Deeply thought-provoking. Planta Sapiens is a mind-opening meditation about the inner lives of plants. Whether you come away convinced that plants are conscious, or not, this book will change – and enrich – the way you look at the green life all around you"There are many peaks, many ways of solving the same problem or being highly adapted to the environment. To take a classic example, eyes of different kinds have evolved over forty times. Each type of eye is a slightly different solution to the same problem: how to turn light into information about an organism’s surroundings. This metaphor might be more helpful than the image of a tree in helping us to overcome our perceptions of “higher” and “lower” forms of life. The tree depicts branching relationships over time, but it is misleading in combination with our inherent tendency to ascribe values to things. The idea of a mountainous landscape, paradoxically, creates a level playing field, each species faced with its own task, beginning from the same substrate and climbing busily away. The book opens with a demonstration that could be perceived as magic, and interweaves personal stories with science with philosophy, and challenges all we think we know about plants. I talk to my houseplants and sometimes I say hi telepathically in the forest, but I don’t really know and don’t have to know if it really is perceived. I remember the experiments on snowflakes, when a scientist exposed ice crystals to harsh and soft music and photographed the results, kind of a pseudo science, but I can live in mystery and think it would be nice to think so; and maybe things will be proven later either way. I can live in contradiction. This book is a great introduction to the idea that plants are way more sentient, thinking, emotive than we ever believed. I love books and ideas where we question things we know, and while it may not change everyone’s mind, it is an interesting read.

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Plants can learn, as demonstrated by the habituation and discrimination learning of leaf-closing in Mimosa pudica, described by both Calvo and Stefano Mancuso in his book The Revolutionary Genius of Plants (2018), which I recently reviewed (Dorman, 2023). Both Mancuso and Calvo spend a lot of time describing the sensitivity of plants to the same anesthetic chemicals that render animals’ unconscious. Automatic reactions such as leaf-closing in Mimosa pudica or the closing of a Venus Flytrap on an intruding insect are slowed, then stopped, with application of a substance such as chloroform. Not only that, but the electrical impulses that accompany a movement such as the snapping shut of the Flytrap, are muted or absent under anesthesia, similar to interfering with the electrical impulses in an animals’ brains, which are a part of Christof Koch’s indication of consciousness in humans and other animals (Koch, 2015). Not only that, but plants can also respond with chemicals such as dopamine to incidents of damage or destruction, as though they were attempting to relieve pain (which Calvo thinks should lead us to consider the ethical consequences of our actions toward plants). That said, I liked how the author tried to present his case, without having a large This unorthodox approach allows for the complexity of both Berry's personal journey and the wolf's status as a rich cultural avatar. In the chapter “Girl v. Wolf,” Berry unspools the parallels between her experience attending a college far away from her family and the wolf's quintessential role as a lurking threat to girls who leave home. She describes encounters with Big Bad Wolves that made her feel frightened and uncomfortable, but she also explodes the simplistic lessons of the fairy tale by examining how the story's evolution has distorted its original emphasis on survival rather than victimhood. She reflects poignantly on her connections with other female victims of violence whose fates, like Little Red's, were co-opted to serve others' agendas and to assuage—or exacerbate—their fears.Planta sapiens ofrece una perspectiva creativa y audaz sobre la biología vegetal y la ciencia cognitiva. Partiendo de experimentos realizados con las tecnologías más avanzadas, este ensayo apasionante nos invita a pensar el mundo natural de una manera radicalmente distinta. Calvo has a wonderfully infectious enthusiasm for his subject that makes this book, for all its complex science, a joy to read. He challenges us to set aside our 'zoocentric' perspective and to change our view of plants radically: from mechanisms akin to robots to complex organisms with a range of behaviours, responding to and anticipating their environments. In doing so, he has written a genuinely mind-expanding book"

The professor who believes plants can remember, learn and

Dorman, C. (2023). Genius in Your Garden. A Review of Stefano Mancuso’s “The Revolutionary Genius of Plants.” https://caseydorman.com/the-genius-in...Calvo is a professor of the philosophy of science in the Minimal Intelligence Laboratory at the University of Murcia, Spain. Although he presents detailed scientific evidence to support his case, he also draws on philosophical arguments about the nature of consciousness. We humans have a tendency to believe that the world revolves around us, but Calvo writes that intelligence is “not quite as special as we like to think”. He argues that it’s time to accept that other organisms, even drastically different ones, may be capable of it.